SYNTHESIS: A solution of 11.5 g
3-bromo-N-cyclohexyl-4,5-diethoxybenzylidenimine (see under ASB for
its preparation) in 150 mL anhydrous Et2O was placed in a He
atmosphere, well stirred, and cooled in an external dry ice acetone
bath to -80 °C. There was light formation of fine crystals. There
was then added 25 mL of 1.6 N butyllithium in hexane and the mixture
stirred for 15 min. This was followed by the addition of 5.8 g
diethyl disulfide over the course of 20 min during which time the
solution became increasingly cloudy with the eventual deposition of an
insoluble gummy phase. The mixture was allowed to come to room
temperature over the course of 1 h, and then added to 400 mL of dilute
HCl. The organic phase was separated and stripped of solvent under
vacuum. This residue was combined with the original aqueous phase,
and the mixture was heated on the steam bath for 2 h. The aqueous
mixture was cooled to room temperature, extracted with 3x100 mL
CH2Cl2, the extracts pooled, washed with H2O, and the solvent removed
under vacuum to yield 11.0 g of an amber oil. This was distilled at
130-150 °C at 0.2 mm/Hg to yield 7.2 g of
3,4-diethoxy-5-(ethylthio)benzaldehyde as a white oil that
spontaneously crystallized. The crude product had a mp of 52-57 °C
that increased to 57-58 °C upon recrystallization from EtOH. Anal.
(C13H18O3S) C,H.
A solution of 14.9 g methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide in 200 mL
anhydrous THF was placed under a He atmosphere, well stirred, and
cooled to 0 °C with an external ice water bath. There was then added
27.6 mL of 1.6 N butyllithium in hexane which resulted in the
generation of a yellow color which was at first transient, and then
stable. The reaction mixture was brought up to room temperature, and
6.8 g 3,4-diethoxy-5-(ethylthio)benzaldehyde in 50 mL THF was added
dropwise dispelling the color, and the mixture was held at reflux on
the steam bath for 1 h. The reaction was quenched in 800 mL H2O, the
top layer separated, and the aqueous phase extracted with 2x75 mL of
petroleum ether. The organic fractions were combined and the solvents
removed under vacuum to give 12.0 g of the crude
3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiostyrene as a deep yellow oil.
A solution of 5.6 g of borane-methyl sulfide complex (10 M BH3 in
methyl sulfide) in 45 mL THF was placed in a He atmosphere, cooled to
0 °C, treated with 11.6 g of 2-methylbutene, and stirred for 1 h while
returning to room temperature. To this there was added the crude
3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiostyrene in 25 mL THF and the stirring was
continued for 1 h. The excess borane was destroyed with about 2 mL
MeOH. There was then added 11.4 g elemental iodine followed by a
solution of 2.2 g NaOH in 40 mL hot MeOH. This was followed by
sufficient 25% NaOH to minimize the residual iodine color (about 4 mL
was required). The reaction mixture was added to 500 mL H2O
containing 4 g sodium hydrosulfite. This was extracted with 3x75 mL
petroleum ether, and the pooled extracts stripped of solvent under
vacuum to yield 24.5 g of crude
1-(3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiophenyl)-2-iodoethane as a viscous yellow
oil.
This crude 1-(3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiophenyl)-2-iodoethane was added
to a solution of 11.1 g potassium phthalimide in 80 mL DMF, and all
was heated on the steam bath for 1.5 h. It was then flooded with 600
mL H2O, made basic with NaOH, and extracted with 3x100 mL Et2O.
Removal of the solvent under vacuum provided 18.5 g of a residue that
was dried to a constant weight by heating under vacuum (0.2 mm/Hg).
The solid residue was ground under MeOH, and then recrystallized from
MeOH providing 1-(3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiophenyl)-2-phthalimidoethane
as white granular crystals, with a mp of 86.5-87.5 °C. Anal.
(C22H25NO4S) C,H.
The recrystallized
1-(3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiophenyl)-2-phthalimidoethane was dissolved
in n-butanol, treated with 66% hydrazine, and the mixture heated on
the steam bath for 1.5 h. This was then added to dilute H2SO4, the
butanol separated, the aqueous phase washed with 2x75 mL Et2O. After
being made basic with aqueous NaOH, the aqueous phase was extracted
with 3x75 mL CH2Cl2 and the solvent removed under vacuum to provide a
pale amber oil. This was distilled at 140-155 °C at 0.25 mm/Hg to
give about 1 g of a white oil. The distillate was dissolved in 5 mL
IPA, neutralized with concentrated HCl, and treated with 10 mL
anhydrous Et2O to give a solution from which a white crystalline
product slowly separated. These crystals,
3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylthiophenethylamine hydrochloride (3-T-TRIS)
weighed 1.1 g and had a mp of 161-162 °C. Anal. (C14H24ClNO2S) C,H.
DOSAGE: greater than 160 mg.
DURATION: unknown.
QUALITATIVE COMMENTS: (with 160 mg) There were no effects. At the
9th or 10th hour after having taken the material I was aware of some
neurological irritability. I will not try this at any higher dosage,
and let me stretch things a bit by a few percent in good conscience
and say that this is less active than mescaline. This would allow it
to be reported as < 1 M.U.
EXTENSIONS AND COMMENTARY: The term "M.U." pops up here and there in a
lot of the earlier literature on these phenethylamines. It stands for
"mescaline units" and was used to give a quantitative measure for the
relative potency of a compound. Since it became obvious quite early
in these studies that mescaline, although the prototypic compound, was
probably going to remain the least potent, it seemed reasonable to use
it as a bench mark of unity. By dividing the dose needed of mescaline
(to produce central effects) by the dose needed of another drug, one
would generate a number that represented just how many times more
potent this new drug was than mescaline. I used this term in a very
early review of the one-ring psychotomimetics, and it served
satisfactorily for quite a while.
Its intrinsic worth proved, however, to be its very limitation. It
was quickly apparent that the principal value, to behavioral
researchers, of the reports of new hallucinogenic drugs, was not in
the nature of their action but in the amount of stuff needed to
produce that action. This was an essential axis against which the
animal pharmacologist could plot his findings. A number was wanted,
and the mescaline unit was just that number. Sadly, the major
question that is asked by most academic researchers in their
evaluation of the psychedelic materials is, "How much does it take,"
rather than "What does it do." The marvelous nuances of action, the
subtle variations of effect, are dismissed as being hopelessly
subjective and thus without scientific worth. But they are, I
believe, of great worth. That is exactly what this book is all about.
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